The Brand Positioning Of The Organization Marketing Essay

An Evaluation of the Work of Jan Svankmajer Jan Svankmajer is an illustrator like no other that I am aware of. Surrealist in style, his imaginative work includes a wide scope of mediums-film, form, painting, visual computerization, writing and verse. His filmic work frequently includes a blend of movement, puppetry and no frills a moving style for any movie producer to utilize viably. Svankmajer films are by trademark dull and grim stories, told not for tasteful or strategy, yet consistently to fill an individual need, which I will discuss in a matter of seconds. In this article, I will manage the work that Svankmajer made as an illustrator. To place it in setting, in any case, I will initially give a harsh review of his experience and the work for which he is most popular. Svankmajer was conceived in Czechoslovakia in 1934. His folks were both aesthetically slanted; his dad was a window dresser while his mom was a dressmaker. In the wake of reading manikin theater for a long time in Prague, Svankmajer started his vocation as an executive, architect and puppeteer at the State Puppet Theater in Liberec. During the Early 1960s he worked together with a few diverse performance center organizations in Prague to arrange an assortment of plays. In 1964 his inclinations went to filmmaking. In this medium he felt that more would be conceivable in fact, and that his work would contact a more extensive crowd. In the wake of making different honor winning short movies like The Last Trick, his work experienced an unequivocal change from Mannerism to Surrealism in 1968. As a surrealist Svankmajer would make numerous exceptionally acclaimed films including movement and no frills. Svankmajer’s work got encompassed by political contention with the creation of the film Antonio’s Diary (1972). The film was not proposed to have political importance, yet the Czech specialists prohibited him from making films for a long time essentially on the grounds that it contained unapproved film delineating ordinary Czech life. Measurements of Dialog (1982) turned into his most popular short, and won a few global honors. Like Antonio’s Diary, in any case, it was prohibited in Czechoslovakia, and was additionally appeared to the philosophy commission of the Central Committee of the Czechoslovak Communist Party for instance of the sort of film that ought not be made. Alice (1985-87), in light of the book by Lewis Carol, was Svankmajer’s first element film, and his first to contact an American crowd. From that point forward he has made two more full length films: Faust (1993) and Conspirators of Pleasure (1996).

6 Things to Know When Picking a Family Reunion Location

6 Things to Know When Picking a Family Reunion Location The perfect family get-together site is one which is open and moderate for most of the individuals you need to join in. Its a spot where everybody can be agreeable and partake in their time together. While picking an area for your family get-together, there are some significant interesting points. Separation Will the family gathering be only one day, a whole end of the week, or an entire week? On the off chance that youre arranging a short gathering, a great many people most likely wont be as ready to make a trip significant distances to join in. Select an area near a lion's share of relatives - potentially a local park, a relatives home, or a neighborhood inn or café. Longer social affairs, particularly unique one-time reunions, may warrant an increasingly intricate area, for example, a voyage, fella farm, or family resort. Accommodation How far will visitors need to head out to get to your get-together area? In the event that various them should go via air, consider holding your family gathering in a zone advantageous to a significant air terminal. An area that is available and simple to discover implies that more individuals will probably join in. Availability Do you have individuals with constrained portability going to your gathering? Older family members in wheelchairs or little youngsters in buggies? Ensure that the area you pick will serenely oblige everybody who will join in. Youngsters need sheltered, regulated regions in which to play, and seniors will invite open to seating and close by bathrooms. Moderateness Cost - including rental expenses, food, and stopping charges - is a huge factor for most family get-togethers. Ensure that the area you pick fits into your spending plan, just as that of your family members. Numerous offices offer gathering limits and bundle bargains for family get-togethers. Lodging In the event that your gathering is held in a setting that doesnt incorporate for the time being housing, ensure that an adequate number of reasonable rooms in neighborhood homes and inns are accessible close by. Highlights and Activities What attractions and exercises does the gathering site and close by zone give? Recreational exercises, for example, sailing, swimming, golf, and outdoors can be fun when consolidated into a family gathering. Individuals going to from outside the zone may appreciate an area with close by galleries, noteworthy destinations, entertainment meccas, sports offices, and different attractions. Discover an area that makes your gathering to a lesser extent a gathering and all the more a goal. While picking your area, make certain to get some information about offices, for example, stopping, bathrooms and, for open air reunions, options in the event of downpour. To help with the legwork, dont be hesitant to utilize neighborhood travel authorities and offices of business. Since they like to carry individuals to their zone, they are generally glad to assist you with area thoughts, housing and feasting postings, and diversion and touring openings.

What Book Riot Contributors are Reading Today!

What Book Riot Contributors are Reading Today! In this feature at Book Riot, we give you a glimpse of what we are reading this very moment. Here is what the Rioters are reading today (as in literally today). This is what’s on their bedside table (or the floor, work bag, desk, whatevskis). See a Rioter who is reading your favorite book? I’ve included the link that will take you to their author archives (meaning, that magical place that organizes what they’ve written for the site). Gird your loins â€" this list combined with all of those archived posts will make your TBR list EXPLODE. We’ve shown you ours, now show us yours; let us know what you’re reading (right this very moment) in the comment section below! Jamie Canaves Death in D Minor (Gethsemane Brown Mysteries #2) by Alexia Gordon: Music, art, mystery, and ghosts is apparently everything I didn’t realize I needed to read right now. (egalley) The Monsters of Templeton by Lauren Groff: I loved Fates Furies and while trying to find out if Groff’s first novel was a mystery or not I discovered that a lot of Rioters loved it so automatic must-read-now for me! (ebook) The Hole by Hye-Young Pyun, Sora Kim-Russell (translation): Korean psychological horror thriller is something I can’t say no to. Nor do I want to. (egalley) Heartsick by Chelsea Cain: I am forever pissed off that her Mockingbird comic was canceled so I figured it was time to finally start reading her mystery bookswhich have been recommended to me a bazillion times. I inhaled half this book before bed (Bedtime? What bedtime?) and see why it got recommended so much. (paperback) Casey Stepaniuk Foxglove Summer by Ben Aaronovitch: Ive been trying to stretch out this series cause I dont want it to be over but I just HAD to find out what happened in the wake of the last book, so I downloaded it immediately after finishing the previous one. (Audiobook) Claire Handscombe The Vanderbeekers of 141st Street by Karina Yan Glaser: The author is one of our own contributors and I was curious to see what she had written especially with all the buzz it’s been getting. It’s great so far, fun and really well written with strong characters definitely going on the list for any presents I need to buy middle graders. (ARC) The Party  by Elizabeth Day: This book has been on lots of “must-read” lists in the UK and it sounded right my street the British establishment meets deep dark secrets at a fortieth birthday party. It’s coming to the US next month, and I begged the Little, Brown publicist for a copy and started reading straight away. It’s so good. (ARC) Who Thought This Was a Good Idea  by Alyssa Mastromonaco: I have been dying to read this White House memoir by a young, female Josh Lyman for a months but was holding firm because the ebook price was astronomical. But then it was on special offer for a day, so I went for it. Yay. (ebook) Rebecca Hussey My Heart Hemmed In by Marie NDiaye, translated by Jordan Stump: I’ve read two other NDiaye novels and have found them beautiful, rich, and strange. This one was originally published in French in 2007, and I’m excited that Two Lines Press is publishing a translation this summer. (paperback) Dear Committee Members by Julie Schumacher: I can never resist a good academic novel, and this one is epistolary, told solely through letters of recommendation. It’s an awesome concept. (hardcover) Mya Nunnally The Obelisk Gate by N.K. Jemisin: I had read The Fifth Season a while back, and just recently reread it in order to read this (its sequel) and The Stone Sky, the final book in Jemisin’s fantasy series. (paperback) The Long Way to a Small, Angry Planet by Becky Chambers: This has been on my to-be-read list for a while despite its (in my opinion) terrible cover. I love supporting self-published authors. (ebook) 11/22/63 by Stephen King: After thoroughly enjoying the Hulu adaptation, I thought I would read the novel (paperback) Liberty Hardy This Will Be My Undoing: Living at the Intersection of Black, Female, and Feminist in (White) America by Morgan Jerkins (Jan. 30, 2018, Harper Perennial): Jerkins is one of my favorite people to follow on Twitter, and I have been eagerly awaiting this collection! (e-galley) Artemis by Andy Weir (Nov. 14, Crown): *MUPPET ARMS* The author of The Martian has a new book, and so far, it’s great! (e-galley) A State of Freedom by Neel Mukherjee (Jan. 2, W.W. Norton Company): I don’t know anything about this book except someone told me it was great, so away we go! (e-galley) Vacationland: True Stories from Painful Beaches by John Hodgman (Oct. 24, Viking): Vacationland is the slogan on our license plates here in Maine, so I think I am legally required to read this. (e-galley) Alison Doherty Magic for Beginners by Kelly Link: Years ago I saw this book at Skylight Books in Los Angeles under staff recommendations. It was described as a mix between Harry Potter and Alice Munro. So far these stories are living up to that recommendation! (paperback) Girls and Sex: Navigating the New Landscape by Peggy Orenstein: Put this on hold at the library after listening to an old NPR podcast with the author. It’s interesting how, at age twenty-nine, half the time I identify with the perspective of the teen girls and half the time I identify with the adult author. (hardcover) Karina Glaser Girls Who Code by Reshma Saujani (8/22, Penguin Random House): Reshma Saujani is my hero, and I’m so excited about this book! (ARC) Secret Coders: Robots and Repeats by Gene Luen Yang and Mike Holmes (10/3, First Second): Guess I’m on a tech/coding kick! Love this series and can’t wait for this newest one to be released. (Paperback) Christina Vortia Speak of Me As I Am by Sonia Belasco: I’ve been really excited to read this book, so when I saw it available on my library Hoopla account, I jumped on it! (Audiobook) Rebecca Renner From Here to Eternity: Traveling the World to Find the Good Death by Caitlin Doughty (10/3 W. W. Norton): This book had me at the Dia de los Muertos skull on the cover, but its kept me with the amazing research Doughty uses to describe the death rituals of various world cultures. Believe it or not, this book is funny, too! (egalley) Sarah Nicolas The Hate U Give by Angie Thomas: I’m so glad I finally got to this book! The book is heartbreaking and I was so pleased to discover the audiobook is narrated by Bahni Turpin, who is incredibly talented. (audiobook) It’s Not Like It’s a Secret by Misa Sugiura: I’d heard mixed reviews on this one, but it’s a YA f/f romance and I’m here for all the sweet, sweet lady kisses! (audiobook) Given to the Sea by Mindy McGinnis: The publisher offered me a review copy of this one and I’m a sucker for women in fantasy settings escaping their inescapable fates. (audiobook review copy) The Reader by Traci Chee: I feel like I slept on this one last year and am so happy it crossed my path again. And it has another favorite narrator, Kim Mai Guest! (audiobook) Beth O’Brien Too Fat, Too Slutty, Too Loud: The Rise and Reign of the Unruly Woman by Anne Helen Peterson: I binge-listened to most of this while I was sick this week, too tired to use my eyeballs. I’ve been really enjoying the smart commentary on women in pop culture and doing some low key fist pumping. (audio) The Mother of All Questions by Rebecca Solnit: I guess I’m feeling particularly feminist this month. I’m not very far into this collection of essays, but I’m really enjoying it. I’ve already jotted down some great quotes! (paperback) The Fact of a Body: A Murder and a Memoir by Alexandria Marzano-Lesnevich: I’ve been hearing great things about this one and have been eagerly waiting for my hold to come in at the library. It’s finally here and so far it’s right up my alley. (hardcover) Jessica Yang Noteworthy by Riley Redgate: I had fun reading Seven Ways We Lie and also, despite being not at all musical, I love a cappella so I had to check this out! (hardcover) Deepali Agarwal A State of Freedom by Neel Mukherjee: Is reading this before his other, Booker Prize-nominated work a good idea? We’ll soon find out, because I found the cover blurb for this book fascinating, and could not resist. Dealing with displacement and migration, Mukherjee’s latest book promises something adjacent to Mohsin Hamid, and I will do anything to fill the giant, Exit West-shaped hole in my heart. (hardcover) Inferior by Angela Saini: I know that we live in an oppressively patriarchal world, with targeted misinformation about women seeking to keep them in their place all the time, but reading the facts and details behind the narrative that has always been spun for us hits hard. I’m reading this because I need to. (paperback) Lone Fox Dancing by Ruskin Bond: To balance out the heartache from some difficult reads, I am also reading Ruskin Bond’s autobiography, which is a beautiful mix of his experiences. Bond’s writing has a charm which makes everythingfrom love to heartbreakcharming and soothing. (hardcover) Aram Mrjoian Home Fire by Kamila Shamsie: I just got started on this novel, which I am reading to review. (ARC) Spatializing Blackness: Architectures of Confinement and Black Masculinity in Chicago by Rashad Shabazz: I am currently reading this book for a class and it’s brilliant. I highly recommend it both for people living in Chicago and across the U.S. (paperback) Sharanya Sharma Want  by Cindy Pon:  A futuristic YA about the Haves vs. the Have-nots where even clean air is a luxury you have to afford, and one boy whos willing do anything to change that. Air suits, flying cars, virtual world-hopping, kidnapping, spy games, protests, and romance â€" how could I pass that up?! Christine Ro The Intuitionist by Colson Whitehead: This book is delightfully bonkers. It’s a moody satire of race relations told through the medium ofelevator obsession. Exactly. (Paperback) Monica Friedman The Ethical Slut: a Guide to Infinite Sexual Possibilities by Dossie Easton and Catherine Liszt. If I’m going to be a slut, I want to go about it in an ethical fashion. (Paperback) The Guardian Angel of Farflung Station by Edward Hoornaert. Every month for the last year or so, I’ve met up with Ed and other members of the Science Fiction Writers America (Tucson chapter) to write quietly together for two hours. Ed gave me this book. (Paperback) Shiri Sondheimer Throne of the Crescent Moon by Saladin Ahmed: His Black Bolt run is incredible and I can’t wait for the next issue to gobble more of his words. (e-book) An Oath of Dogs by Wendy N. Wagner: Attended a live world-building panel at Emerald City Comic Con in which Wendy participated. She is hilarious and a darn-fine storyteller. (e-book) Ilana Masad Where the Past Begins by Amy Tan: I’m reading this memoir for a review and it’s mesmerizing to see how this author’s brain works (ARC) Meanwhile, Elsewhere edited by Cat Fitzpatrick and Casey Plett: This is an incredible anthology I’m also reading for a review, and it’s all speculative fiction by trans writers. I’m in love! (ARC) Katie McLain The Pale Blue Eye  by  Louis Bayard: I’ve had this one on my list for a while dark historical mystery featuring a young Edgar Allan Poe but honestly, the reason why I’m reading it now was because all the mystery/suspense audiobooks I REALLY wanted to listen to were all downloaded already from my library. (digital audiobook) Black Dahlia, Red Rose: The Crime, Corruption, and Cover-Up of America’s Greatest Unsolved Murder by Piu Eatwell (Liveright, October 10, 2017): I’ve been on a historical true crime kick lately, and surprisingly, I haven’t read much about the Black Dahlia. (ARC) Kathleen Keenan The Vegetarian by Han Kang: This book has received rave reviews literally everywhere, and a copy finally came in at my library. (paperback) Kate Krug Warcross by Marie Lu: Because every single one of the book bloggers I follow have given this RAVE reviews and I had to get in on the action. And I’m all for a bad ass Asian hacker heroine. (ARC) Wicked Like a Wildfire by Lana Popovic: First, the cover is gorge. Second, a dark, magical fantasy. Third, Eastern European characterswhich I do not read a lot about. (ARC) Steph Auteri The Fact of a Body by Alexandria Marzano-Lesnevich: I was intrigued by the premise of this book, a memoir by a woman who thought herself staunchly against the death penalty, but whose beliefs are shaken when a particular murder case reveals parallels with her own past. (Ebook) The Willpower Instinct by Kelly McGonigal: I’m actually reading this one at the suggestion of a pair of ghostwriting clients, as the contents informed their own writing. But heck, I could certainly use more willpower, so this is turning into a self-helpy read, too. (Hardcover) Push by Sapphire: Because I’ve only ever seen the movie. (Paperback) Jessica Plummer He’s Got Rhythm: The Life and Career of Gene Kelly by Cynthia Brideson and Sara Brideson: I love Kelly, but I’m struggling a bit with the authors’ rose-tinted perspective on him and some oddly dated and homophobic framing. (ARC) A Confusion of Princes by Garth Nix: This has been sitting on my TBR pile for literal years and I finally dusted it off and cracked into it. It’s slow going so far, but I’ve loved Nix’s work in the past so I’m hoping it’ll pick up. (Hardcover) Derek Attig Don’t Call Us Dead: Poems by Danez Smith: Smith is known for writing poetry that grapples with police violence and white supremacy, and this incredible collection continues that aesthetically and politically crucial work. You should pre-order a copy right now. (ARC) Artemis by Andy Weir: I enjoyed The Martian, so I jumped at this. (ARC) Kate Scott We Love You, Charlie Freeman by Kaitlyn Greenidge: This has been on my TBR list since last year. I love stories that have to do with science and animal cognition and this one checks those boxes. (Library Hardcover) The Complete Enneagram by Beatrice Chestnut: I love learning about the Enneagram and this book focuses on the instinctual subtypes, which is not an aspect of the Enneagram that I am very familiar with. (Library Paperback) In a Sunburned Country by Bill Bryson: I listened to two Bill Bryson audiobooks last year and loved both, so I’m giving this one a try. (Audiobook) The Wicked Boy by Kate Summerscale: This is on my TBR list from last year. I’m in the mood for true crime and this sounds like a particularly interesting case. (Library Hardcover) Tasha Brandstatter When Dimple Met Rishi by Sandhya Menon: Noticed this was available on Hoopla and thought, why not? Moon Over the Mediterranean by Sheri Cobb South: I love South’s John Pickett mysteries series, and this book was described as an homage to Mary Stewart, one of my favorite writers. Dana Staves Thanks, Obama:  My Hopey, Changey White House Years by David Litt:  Fresh out of college, David Litt landed a job as one of the speechwriters for the Obama White House, and this book is his story of his time working for the administration. Part humorous political memoir, part wistful look back at a gentler time, all tinged with Litt’s self-deprecating humor and the hindsight that comes from post-Obama life. (ARC, Ecco, September 19, 2017) Adiba Jaigirdar A Wrinkle In Time by Madeleine L’Engle: I saw the trailer for the new movie. Loved it. Realised that I had somehow never read the book. I had to rectify that immediately. (ebook) Margaret Kingsbury The Refrigerator Monologues by Catherynne M. Valente: Because she’s my favorite author and is AMAZING! (Hardcover) When the English Fall by David Williams. I enjoy a good apocalypse novel, and this one seems unique as it centers on the perspective of an Amish farmer. (Egalley) Rabeea Saleem Madness Is Better Than Defeat  by Ned Beauman: I love eccentric plotlines so this madcap romp through a lost Mayan temple in the jungles of Honduras seems to be right up my alley. It also features a rogue CIA agent! (Paperback). Priya Sridhar Miami Beach by Howard Kleinberg: I’m reading this as research for a novella. Before Miami Beach was a party city, it was marshy area ripe for opportunity. Black and white photographs capture the century it took to make such a place. (Hardcover) Megan Cavitt The Cuckoo’s Calling by Robert Galbraith: This book has been out for so long that I found a copy for a dollar at a library sale. Let’s call that fate. (Paperback) Black Jack, vol. 1 by Osamu Tezuka: Oh, Tezuka, godfather of Japanese comics! When he’s good, he’s real good. When he’s bad, he’s real bad. I’m not yet certain where this pseudo-medical drama about a Holmes-esque doctor falls on the spectrum. (Library Hardcover) Emma Allmann The Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson by Emily Dickinson: I just really love Emily Dickinson and haven’t had a chance to spend a lot time with her poems in the last few years so I’m officially revisiting her. I do love that I can look at the notes I’ve made in my copy and see what I’m noticing now versus when I last read it! (Paperback) Angel Cruz American Panda by Gloria Chao: When I first heard about this book, I may have screamed a little bit from sheer delight. Mei is so relatable and very much like me when I was younger, and I’m so excited to see how her story unfolds. (e-galley) A Wrinkle in Time by Madeleine L’Engle: This is one of those books I tried to read as a kid, but just could not get into for some reason. Trying it now as an adult, I’ve gotten halfway through after a few nights of reading some pages at bedtime, and I’m definitely enjoying it more. (Paperback) Right of First Refusal by Dahlia Adler: I really liked the first Adler book I readJust Visitingand have been meaning to circle back to her past work for ages. I’m only a few chapters in, but am already very intrigued by Mase and Cait’s shared history. (e-book) The Perilous Life of Jade Yeo by Zen Cho: I was so pleased when I saw this mentioned in a previous Book Riot Deals post, as I loved Cho’s Sorcerer to the Crown. I’ve just started reading, but I love Cho’s writing style and am excited to see where the story takes me. (e-book) Cecilia Lyra Pedal by Chelsea Rooney: As a member of the International Festival of Authors book club, I am lucky enough to meet not only with fellow bookworms, but also with a rotating list of great authors who pick the books and lead the discussion. This month, the inimitable Zoe Whittall chose Pedal. The novel tells the story of Julia Hoop, a 25-five-year-old psychology graduate student who is exploring the subject of pedophilia from an unorthodox angle: Julia interviews women who dont feel traumatized by the sexual molestation they experienced as children. To say that this is an emotionally challenging read would be the understatement of the decade and do keep in mind that, being on Twitter, I cannot escape some very disturbing reads (cough-Trump-cough). So far, my favorite thing about this novel is reading about the great Canadian landscape as Julia rides her bicycle on a cross-country journey, from Vancouver to Toronto. (e-book) The Unseen World by Liz Moore: This was also a book club selection. It tells the story of Ada, who, as a child, learns that her brilliant, enigmatic computer-scientist father is suffering from early onset Alzheimers disease. This is not a light read by any means, but compared to Pedal it is like eating a jellybean dipped in frosting. A warm thanks to The Girly Book Club for picking it as our July book. (e-book) Tracy Shapley The Nix by Nathan Hill. Thanks to the folks at Just the Right Book!, (the exclamation point is theirs, not mine) I’m finally getting around to reading the book everyone was reading last year. I’m only about 40 pages in but am already in love. This is very good timing because the last few books I’ve read have been real snoozers. (Paperback) Jaime Herndon After Kathy Acker by Chris Kraus. Acker’s writing was gutsy and daring, and Kraus is a trailblazer in her own right (hello, I Love Dick). This perfect pairing for a biography is really good so far, and provides what feels like an insider’s glimpse of Acker’s life. (ARC) Motherest by Kristen Iskandrian. A novel about parenthood, becoming a parent, and everything that goes along with that. I just started it, but really liking it so far. (ARC) The Worrier’s Guide to the End of the World by Torre DeRoche. Sort of like the anti-Eat Pray Love, it’s a travel memoir taking place in Italy and India. When Torre meets a fellow traveler, Masha, they decide to travel together for a bit and this is their story. (ARC)

Postmodernity as the Climax of Modernity Horizons of the...

Postmodernity as the Climax of Modernity: Horizons of the Cultural Future ABSTRACT: Given that any society is endowed not only with a set of institutions but also with the particular pattern of self-reflection and self-description, postmodernity should be viewed as an epoch representing the climax of modernity and its self-refutation. Parting with traditional society, modernity represents the triumph of power-knowledge, the divorce between spheres of culture, the global social relations, the new institutions, the change in the understanding of space-time relations, the cult of the new, and the modernization process. While preserving the institutional set of modernity, the postmodern period casts into doubt the basic thought†¦show more content†¦To understand the contemporary cultural situation means to penetrate in the spectrum of similarities and differences arising from its comparison with the classical stage of modernity. The new age started with a radical break with the traditional society and its cultural stereotypes. Reverence before the pas t and tradition, accepted symbols and the established order of things sanctioned by myth and religion constitutes the image of traditional society. On the contrary, critical reflection becomes the main force of development of modernity: all forms of social practice are reconsidered in the light of reason that should give a definite evaluation of their effectiveness / Habermas 1989: 27/. The triumph of formal rationality and calculative approach to the universe desacralizes the world and leads to the disappearance of naive symbolism . As a result, science allied with technology is considered as the main tool of comrehension and conquest of the world. In contrast to medieval period, modernity generates a total divorce of the spheres of Truth, Beauty , and Good. Philosophers of this period proposed different versions of their relations in the epoch when scientific images of the world pretended to be accepted as universal thus revealing their power function. Relying on the ideas of M. Weber, F.

The Greatest Playwright Of All Time - 856 Words

Forget about Arthur Miller, Oscar Wilde, Samuel Beckett and Tennessee Williams. Shakespeare is widely considered as the greatest playwright of all time. His plays, such as Hamlet, contain incomparable elegance and poise, and his knowledge is impressively divergent. Surprisingly for the world s greatest playwright, very little is actually known about his life. To fully understand Shakespeare’s plays â€Å"you need to [...] find out as much as you can about [...] the thought of his [time] period† (Bonnycastle 83). Well, one fact is certain, Shakespeare lived in England during the 16th century, also known as the Elizabethan era. During this time period, the social hierarchy was extremely important and perhaps the most crucial element in the understanding of the era. Elizabethan England had five main classes: the Monarch, the Nobility, the Gentry, the Yeomanry, and the Poor. A person s class determined every aspect about their life. When taking into consideration the social classes of the 16th century, the inequalities between characters, in Shakespeare’s Hamlet, become apparent. Hamlet presents multiple examples of the social structure: when Laertes asks permission to return to France, Ophelia is warned about her relationship with Hamlet, when the ghost of King Hamlet doesn’t speak to the sentinels, King Claudius shows how he has power over his subjects and the gravediggers express their thoughts on Ophelia’s burial. In 16th century England, the government system was a monarchy.Show MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare : The Greatest Playwright Of All Times1845 Words   |  8 PagesWilliam Shakespeare is considered the greatest playwright of all times but one of the most famous English writers. Not only was he a talented playwright but he lived a very pivotal life; some say it s due to his 37 plays and 154 sonnets credited to him. His remarkable talent with the English language has inspired many writers and playwrights. However, over the years there has been much speculation about Shakespeare s life regarding his religious affiliation, sexual orientation, sources of collaborationRead MorePlay Flourishing in Elizabethan Era and a Review of Christopher Marlow’s Play The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus678 Words   |  3 PagesThe Tragical History of Doctor Faustus is a play written by Christopher Marlowe. Christopher Marlowe is an English playwright who lived and created during the rule of Elizabeth I. The whole period of her reign, from 1558 to 1603, is called Elizabethan age and is known for being the greatest period in the history of English literature, so as the golden age of English drama. Since the number of plays was growing, lots of theaters were opened and made art more available to average people. HistoricalRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare: Greatest Playwright of All1554 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Shakespeare: Greatest Playwright of All William Shakespeare (1564-1616) was a British poet and playwright, he was well known as the greatest writer of all time, he was often called the Bard of Avon.Although many facts of his life remain unknown, his poems and plays are unique and have timeless theme that touch everyone’s heart, and are still widely studied and performed in today’s society. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, England enjoyed a time of prosperity and stability that ledRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare: Greatest Playwright of All1568 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Shakespeare: Greatest Playwright of All William Shakespeare (1564-1616) was a British poet and playwright, he was well known as the greatest writer of all time, he was often called the Bard of Avon.Although many facts of his life remain unknown, his poems and plays are unique and have timeless theme that touch everyone’s heart, and are still widely studied and performed in today’s society. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, England enjoyed a time of prosperity and stability that ledRead MoreAnalysis Of Fences And Heart Of Darkness 964 Words   |  4 Pagesinfluential playwright who wrote about the African American experience and conflicts with the White world. 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Also as a child Tennessee Williams almost lost his lifeRead MoreThe Evolution Of Greek Theater1576 Words   |  7 PagesGods. In honor of the Gods there were festivals with dancing, music, and theatrical performances. During the festivals the whole city would come to a complete stand still. All businesses were closed, politics were put on the back burner, and wars were halted. Al l social classes were welcome to come to the festival, and they all did. One of the most famous religious festivals is the City Dionysia, a festival in honor of the god Dionysus, god of wine, revelry, and fertility. The festival was held inRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare : The Greatest Writer Of All Time1008 Words   |  5 Pages William Shakespeare is considered the most influential and greatest writers of all time because he writes great stories, he has the ability to turn phrases, and has very a compelling use of characters. I will be including in my research countless facts about Shakespeare and educated information on why William Shakespeare is considered the greatest writer of all time. Shakespeare s feats and accomplishments have all been established and based on his early life and childhood. William ShakespeareRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet, King Lear, And A Midsummer s Night Dream1037 Words   |  5 PagesThe Bard of Avon, commonly known as William Shakespeare is one of the best known playwrights in the (Video). A few of his most famous plays include Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, King Lear, and A Midsummer’s Night Dream (McArthur). Although he was popular during his time, Shakespeare’s influence continued to grow after his death and today he well known around the world. He added 2,000 words to the English dictionary and he is the 2nd most quoted after the Bible (Video). Shakespeare is one of the mostRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare as the Greatest Genius in British Literature1014 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Shakespeare as the Greatest Genius in British Literature Even after four centuries, the literary world remains to uphold Shakespeare as the greatest genius in British literature. While best known as a dramatist, Shakespeare was also a distinguished poet. Shakespeares extraordinary gifts for complex poetic imagery, mixed metaphor, and intelligent puns, along with insight into human nature are the characteristics that created the legend he is today. The following essay will address how

Developing a Software Program Free Essays

After  implementation  of these  steps  architecture  to develop a software program is required.  When  these wireless systems developed then these should cope with the problem fairly on real time. If an  architecture of  software program is  designed  in  such  a  way that  it is  safe  for security flexibility and other issues as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Developing a Software Program or any similar topic only for you Order Now If technology is implemented selected in an improved way then  an  information  system  can work well. If there are  leaks in the design and  programming  tactics and technology  implementation then there would be a  lot  of  leak in  the  system  as well that result in a very severe or drastic problem. In this way it can be say  that  software  programs  that developed to resolve a problem needs  attention in  all these metrics to work upon and to get a better result. If there is a better program written by a programmer who is  reliable  and  portable efficient and  of strong functionality then  fulfill  the better requirement in this case. Whereas if we are talking about the wireless information systems things become more sensitive as we are dealing on real time and gather a lot of security risks. Thats why after applying and implementing rules and regulations and following the standards will get the better  resultsafter  implementation  of these  steps  architecture  to develop a software program is required. When  these wireless systems developed then these should cope with the problem fairly on real time. If an  architecture of  software program is  designed  in  such  a  way that  it is  safe  for security flexibility and other issues as well. If technology is implemented selected in an improved way then  an  information  system  can work well. If there are  leaks in the design and  programming  tactics and technologyimplementation then there would be a  lot  of  leak in  the  system  as well that result in a very severe or drastic problem. In this way it can be say  that  software  programs  that developed to resolve a problem needs  attention in  all these metrics to work upon and to get a better result. If there is a better program written by a programmer who is  reliable  and  portable efficient and  of strong functionality then  fulfill  the better requirement in this case. Whereas if we are talking about the wireless information systems things become more sensitive as we are dealing on real time and gather a lot of security risks. Thats why after applying and implementing rules and regulations and following the standards will get the better  resultsafter  implementation  of these  steps  architecture  to develop a software program is required.  When  these wireless systems developed then these should cope with the problem fairly on real time. If an  architecture of  software program is  designed  in  such  a  way that  it is  safe  for security flexibility and other issues as well. If technology is implemented selected in an improved way then  an  information  system  can work well. If there are  leaks in the design and  programming  tactics and technology  implementation then there would be a  lot  of  leak in  the  system  as well that result in a very severe or drastic problem. In this way it can be say  that  software  programs  that developed to resolve a problem needs  attention in  all these metrics to work upon and to get a better result. If there is a better program written by a programmer who is  reliable  and  portable efficient and  of strong functionality then  fulfill  the better requirement in this case. Whereas if we are talking about the wireless information systems things become more sensitive as we are dealing on real time and gather a lot of security risks. Thats why after applying and implementing rules and regulations and following the standards will get the better  resultsafter  implementation  of these  steps  architecture  to develop a software program is required.  When  these wireless systems developed then these should cope with the problem fairly on real time. If an  architecture of  software program is  designed  in  such  a  way that  it is  safe  for security flexibility and other issues as well. If technology is implemented selected in an improved way then  an  information  system  can work well. If there are  leaks in the design and  programming  tactics and technology  implementation then there would be a  lot  of  leak in  the  system  as well that result in a very severe or drastic problem. In this way it can be say  that  software  programs  that developed to resolve a problem needs  attention in  all these metrics to work upon and to get a better result. If there is a better program written by a programmer who is  reliable  and  portable efficient and  of strong functionality then  fulfill  the better requirement in this case. Whereas if we are talking about the wireless information systems things become more sensitive as we are dealing on real time and gather a lot of security risks. Thats why after applying and implementing rules and regulations and following the standards will get the better  resultsafter  implementation  of these  steps  architecture  to develop a software program is required.  When  these wireless systems developed then these should cope with the problem fairly on real time. If an  architecture of  software program is  designed  in  such  a  way that  it is  safe  for security flexibilit y and other issues as well. If technology is implemented selected in an improved way then  an  information  system  can work well. If there are  leaks in the design and  programming  tactics and technology  implementation then there would be a  lot  of  leak in  the  system  as well that result in a very severe or drastic problem. In this way it can be say  thatsoftware  programs  that developed to resolve a problem needs  attention in  all these metrics to work upon and to get a better result. If there is a better program written by a programmer who is  reliable  and  portable efficient and  of strong functionality then  fulfill  the better requirement in this case. Whereas if we are talking about the wireless information systems things become more sensitive as we are dealing on real time and gather a lot of security risks. Thats why after applying and implementing rules and regulations and following the standards will get the better  resultsafter  implementation  of these  steps  architecture  to develop a software program is required.  When  these wireless systems developed then these should cope with the problem fairly on real time. If an  architecture ofsoftware program is  designed  in  such  a  way that  it is  safe  for security flexibility and other issues as well. If technology is implemented selected in an improved way then  an  information  system  can work well. If there are  leaks in the design and  programming  tactics and technology  implementation then there would be a  lot  of  leak in  the  system  as well that result in a very severe or drastic problem. In this way it can be say  that  software  programs  that developed to resolve a problem needs  attention in  all these metrics to work upon and to get a better result. If there is a better program written by a programmer who is  reliable  and  portable efficient and  of strong functionality then  fulfill  the better requirement in this case. Whereas if we are talking about the wireless information systems things become more sensitive as we are dealing on real time and gather a lot of security risks. Thats why after applying and implementing rules and regulations and following the standards will get the better  resultsafter  implementation  of these  steps  architecture  to develop a software program is required.  When  these wireless systems developed then these should cope with the problem fairly on real time. If an  architecture of  software program is  designed  in  such  a  way that  it is  safe  for security flexibility and other issues as well. If technology is implemented selected in an improved way then  an  information  system  can work well. If there are  leaks in the design and  programming  tactics and technology  implementation then there would be a  lot  of  leak in  the  system  as well that result in a very severe or drastic problem. In this way it can be say  that  software  programs  that developed to resolve a problem needs  attention in  all these metrics to work upon and to get a bet ter result. If there is a better program written by a programmer who is  reliable  and  portable efficient and  of strong functionality then  fulfill  the better requirement in this case. Whereas if we are talking about the wireless information systems things become more sensitive as we are dealing on real time and gather a lot of security risks. Thats why after applying and implementing rules and regulations and following the standards will get the better  resultsafter  implementation  of these  steps  architecture  to develop a software program is required.  When  these wireless systems developed then these should cope with the problem fairly on real time. If an  architecture of  software program is  designed  in  such  a  way that  it is  safe  for security flexibility and other issues as well. If technology is implemented selected in an improved way then  an  information  system  can work well. If there are  leaks in the design and  programming  tactics and technology  implementation then there would be a  lot  of  leak in  the  system  as well that result in a very severe or drastic problem. In this way it can be say  that  software  programs  that developed to resolve a problem needs  attention in  all these metrics to work upon and to get a better result. If there is a better program written by a programmer who is  reliable  and  portable efficient and  of strong functionality then  fulfill  the better requirement in this case. Whereas if we are talking about the wireless information systems things become more sensitive as we are dealing on real time and gathe r a lot of security risks. Thats why after applying and implementing rules and regulations and following the standards will get the better  resultsafter  implementation  of these  steps  architecture  to develop a software program is required. When  these wireless systems developed then these should cope with the problem fairly on real time. If an  architecture of  software program is  designed  in  such  a  way that  it is  safe  for security flexibility and other issues as well. If technology is implemented selected in an improved way then  an  information  system  can work well. If there are  leaks in the design and  programming  tactics and technology  implementation then there would be a  lot  of  leak in  the  system  as well that result in a very severe or drastic problem. In this way it can be say  thatsoftware  programs  that developed to resolve a problem needs  attention in  all these metrics to work upon and to get a better result. If there is a better program written by a programmer who is  reliable  and  portable efficient and  of strong functionality then  fulfill  the better requirement in this case. Whereas if we are talking about the wireless information systems things become more sensitive as we are dealing on real time and gather a lot of security risks. Thats why after applying and implementing rules and regulations and following the standards will get the better  resultsafter  implementation  of these  steps  architecture  to develop a software program is required.  When  these wireless systems developed then these should cope with the problem fairly on real time. If an  architecture ofsoftware program is  designed  in  such  a  way that  it is  safe  for security flexibility and other issues as well. If technology is implemented selected in an improved way then  an  information  system  can work well. If there are  leaks in the design and  programming  tactics and technology  implementation then there would be a  lot  of  leak in  the  system  as well that result in a very severe or drastic problem. In this way it can be say  that  software  programs  that developed to resolve a problem needs  attention in  all these metrics to work upon and to get a better result. If there is a better program written by a programmer who is  reliable  and  portable efficient and  of strong functionality then  fulfill  the better requirement in this case. Whereas if we are talking about the wireless information systems things become more sensitive as we are dealing on real time and gather a lot of security risks. Thats why after applying and implementing rules and regulations and following the standards will get the better results. How to cite Developing a Software Program, Papers

The Writing Process Part 1 Finding a job in today’s tough job market Essay Example Essay Example

The Writing Process Part 1 Finding a job in today’s tough job market Essay Example Paper The Writing Process Part 1 Finding a job in today’s tough job market Essay Introduction The Writing Process Part 1 Finding a job in today’s tough job market It is well known that we are in the midst of an unfathomable economic depression or otherwise the worst economic situation since the period of the great depression. Almost every organizations or companies are announcing daily about reducing employment and the unemployment level is increasing rapidly to the worst level. There is high competition in the job market so it is essential that you use the available tools so that you can achieve the position that you aspire. Now let us take some of the essential key rules of thriving into a job search in the tough job market. The Writing Process Part 1 Finding a job in today’s tough job market Essay Body Paragraphs However, before I start giving out essential principles of successful job search, I want to present to you how I managed to get my job. When I graduated from the college nearly eight years ago, I bought a newspaper, read through the advertisement job pages and I was ever connected on the network. I kept on like this until one time I received a call from one of the biggest automotive industry. Therefore, you have to know that going through a job search is mentally exhausting. However, you should be patience because it can be sometimes frustrating and leads to rejection especially when you fail to get a job for a long time. It is essential to prepare for a job search just like the way athletes prepare for a competition. You should know that everybody is going though the same process and it is normal but eventually success comes after when you adhere to the following tips, First, use the technology for your own benefit. In the modern world, technology has become a vital tool in that one cannot do without it. Therefore, you should utilize technology as much as possible. It is good to create e-mails and subscribe for job alerts that match with your course criteria. Create blogs on the subject of your expertise area and stay connected to social networks. I am sure that you are aware of the network and even familiar with it because mostly you do research work or course work using the computer or form a group discussion. So do not go outside and forget that computer have completed their college work. It is now that you should understand that you are going to need computers more than ever. Take use of social networking. Make sure that to attend various organizational events where you can be able to meet all kinds of people and try to seek advice on job search from them. Do not get tired and feel discouraged even though they will not attend you positively. You should be patience and understand why you are out their and what you are searching for because it is through har dworking and tolerance that you can be able to achieve your goals. You should bear in mind that the purpose of attending events on different organizations is to be acquainted with the skills and grow in your networking. This will enable you to develop potential skills that will one time help you when being called for an interview (Roebuck and McKenney, 2006). You should prepare fully for an interview. I know everybody will search to get an interview but the interviews are not meant for open positions. In this point, you should now realize that social networking is crucial because you might be interviewed on what you know about the company where you have gone for an interview. Incase you had already attended the company’s events you are then likely to pass your interview. Another thing you should not forget is dressing code when going for an interview. Some people tend to forget that dressing is part of an interview therefore, incase you are interviewed for a manufacturing ind ustry, be in a conservative attires. Part 2 The process I used to draft my message was that first, I had to organize the message by choosing on the essential ideas that can enable me to deliver my message. I started with prewriting my speech whereby I outlined many points. Secondly, I started writing down the crucial ideas on another draft. In addition, I had to revise on my points that can enable me to draw the attention of my audience. Lastly, I revised my points in order to ensure whether my speech met the required value. My audiences are the students who will be graduating because they are the one mostly affected especially when it comes to competition for jobs in today’s job market. However, other audience may include parents and guardians who will accompany them to graduation because they are affected indirectly especially when it comes to helping their children find a job. Others may include honorable guests and lecturers who will be present in graduation day. In addit ion, business managers and others executive members from different companies or organizations who will be present will be my audience because they have knowledge about the existing job issues in the economy. My audience was displeased because of the high unemployment rates in the economy and the way I expressed my points to them. I used inductive approach by giving examples about the situation that I went through before I got a job. My audience were displeased especially students who realized that getting a job is not easy after they listened to my speech. I outlined the main ideas from the first draft and included the major points in the second draft. This is because I did not want to make long speech that could have ended boring my audience. I used inductive information sequencing approach because this is a constructivist form of passing across the information and it is more student-centered. This is because my speech aims mostly students who are ready to face the challenges of jo b market. This method is widely used because it is more experimental and it gives practical example that indicates a direction of something. I wrote the second draft because the first draft had many ideas but after proofreading, I had to choose the essential ideas that can benefit my audience. I had to revise on my points to make sure the points are correct and if they are in line with the speech that I was to present. Reference Roebuck, D. B., McKenney, M. A. (2006). Improving business communication skills. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Pearson Prentice Hall. We will write a custom essay sample on The Writing Process Part 1 Finding a job in today’s tough job market Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Writing Process Part 1 Finding a job in today’s tough job market Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Writing Process Part 1 Finding a job in today’s tough job market Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Diesel Fuel Injection Research Paper Example

Diesel Fuel Injection Research Paper Example Diesel Fuel Injection Paper Diesel Fuel Injection Paper One big difference between a diesel engine and a gas engine is in the injection process. Most car engines use port injection or a carburetor. A port injection system injects fuel just prior to the intake stroke (outside the cylinder). A carburetor mixes air and fuel long before the air enters the cylinder. In a car engine, therefore, all of the fuel is loaded into the cylinder during the intake stroke and then compressed. The compression of the fuel/air mixture limits the compression ratio of the engine if it compresses the air too much, the fuel/air mixture spontaneously ignites and causes knocking. Because it causes excessive heat, knocking can damage the engine. Diesel engines use direct fuel injection the diesel fuel is injected directly into the cylinder. The injector on a diesel engine is its most complex component and has been the subject of a great deal of experimentation in any particular engine, it may be located in a variety of places. The injector has to be able to withstand the temperature and pressure inside the cylinder and still deliver the fuel in a fine mist. Getting the mist circulated in the cylinder so that it is evenly distributed is also a problem, so some diesel engines employ special induction valves, pre-combustion chambers or other devices to swirl the air in the combustion chamber or otherwise improve the ignition and combustion process. |[pic] | |Photo courtesy DaimlerChrysler | |Atego six-cylinder diesel engine | Some diesel engines contain a glow plug. When a diesel engine is cold, the compression process may not raise the air to a high enough temperature to ignite the fuel. The glow plug is an electrically heated wire (think of the hot wires you see in a toaster) that heats the combustion chambers and raises the air temperature when the engine is cold so that the engine can start. According to Cley Brotherton, a Journeyman heavy equipment technician: All functions in a modern engine are controlled by the ECM communicating with an elaborate set of sensors measuring everything from R. P. M. o engine coolant and oil temperatures and even engine position (i. e. T. D. C. ). Glow plugs are rarely used today on larger engines. The ECM senses ambient air temperature and retards the timing of the engine in cold weather so the injector sprays the fuel at a later time. The air in the cylinder is compressed more, creating more heat, which aids in starting. Smaller engines and engines that do not have s uch advanced computer control use glow plugs to solve the cold-starting problem. Of course, mechanics arent the only difference between diesel engines and gasoline engines. Theres also the issue of the fuel itself. Diesel Engines vs. Gasoline Engines In theory, diesel engines and gasoline engines are quite similar. They are both internal combustion engines designed to convert the chemical energy available in fuel into mechanical energy. This mechanical energy moves pistons up and down inside cylinders. The pistons are connected to a crankshaft, and the up-and-down motion of the pistons, known as linear motion, creates the rotary motion needed to turn the wheels of a car forward. Both diesel engines and gasoline engines covert fuel into energy through a series of small explosions or combustions. The major difference between diesel and gasoline is the way these explosions happen. In a gasoline engine, fuel is mixed with air, compressed by pistons and ignited by sparks from spark plugs. In a diesel engine, however, the air is compressed first, and then the fuel is injected. Because air heats up when its compressed, the fuel ignites. The following animation shows the diesel cycle in action. You can compare it to the animation of the gasoline engine to see the differences: The diesel engine uses a four-stroke combustion cycle just like a gasoline engine. The four strokes are: Intake stroke The intake valve opens up, letting in air and moving the piston down. Compression stroke The piston moves back up and compresses the air. Combustion stroke As the piston reaches the top, fuel is injected at just the right moment and ignited, forcing the piston back down. Exhaust stroke The piston moves back to the top, pushing out the exhaust created from the combustion out of the exhaust valve. Remember that the diesel engine has no spark plug, that it intakes air and compresses it, and that it then njects the fuel directly into the combustion chamber (direct injection). It is the heat of the compressed air that lights the fuel in a diesel engine. In the next section, well examine the diesel injection process. |Compression | |When working on his calculations, Rudolf Diesel theorized that higher compression leads | |to higher efficiency and more power. This happens because when the piston squeezes air | |with the cylinder, the air becomes conce ntrated. Diesel fuel has a high energy content, | |so the likelihood of diesel reacting with the concentrated air is greater. Another way | |to think of it is when air molecules are packed so close together, fuel has a better | |chance of reacting with as many oxygen molecules as possible. Rudolf turned out to be | |right a gasoline engine compresses at a ratio of 8:1 to 12:1, while a diesel engine | |compresses at a ratio of 14:1 to as high as 25:1. | http://auto. howstuffworks. com/diesel2. htm

Business System Assessment Essay

Business System Assessment Essay Business System Assessment Essay This is a free sample essay on Business System Assessment: The information methods that can be used in analyzing requirements are the documentation, interview, observation, questionnaire, and the measuring methods. Each method can be an effective way to gather requirements but some can be better then others depending on what kind of business your company does. The documentation method can be an effective method of analyzing requirements if the company already has good documentation. The interview method is a good method to use for companies that are smaller and everyone is in one office. I feel that a face-to-face interview is more personable and more effective then doing an interview over the phone. The observation method is a good method because it allows you to see how the current processes are done. If the questionnaires ask the right questions and are effective in tracking certain aspects of the business, then this is an effective method. I have never used the measuring method but the book says that it can be a good method for gathering statistical information from the existing system. A process map is a graphical representation of the activities which make up the process It is a diagram which shows each step of the process, each input and output, and which uses agreed symbols to represent different process elements. It is similar in many ways to a flowchart of the process and, in common with a flowchart, the process map represents the logic necessary to achieve the desired result. The methods that should be used in process mapping are ones that you are comfortable with and ones that you have used before and have been successful in using. I dont know that the reading or lecture for this week actually went over actual mapping methods, but one method that was mentioned was the value chain principle. The mapping tools that should be used in documenting analysis are joint applications development/design (JAD) or rapid applications development (RAD) tools. These tools can be used to speed up the analysis and design of a system. Object oriented analysis (OOA), spiral, iterative or a combination of these tools are all good tools to use. These tools should be used along with the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC). An analyst would know if the methods and tools mentioned above are effective because hopefully he/she has enough experience and has used these tools and methods before. The analyst would first need to determine if the company already has a standard methodology that they use as a standard. If they do have an established methodology already, the analyst should try to use that method and get permission from the company before using a different method. Hopefully the method already established by the client is an effective method. The prototyping tools used by the analyst can be used to confirm if the requirements are effective. This can be done by either the measuring method or by using diagramming tools. By utilizing either of these methods, an output would be generated to measure the effectiveness of the enterprise-level system analysis. ______________ is a professional essay writing service which can provide high school, college and university students with 100% original custom written essays, research papers, term papers, dissertations, courseworks, homeworks, book reviews, book reports, lab reports, projects, presentations and other assignments of top quality. More than 700 professional Ph.D. and Master’s academic writers. Feel free to order a custom written essay on Business System Assessment from our professional essay writing service.

Feasibility study of mobile pizza trucks Research Paper

Feasibility study of mobile pizza trucks - Research Paper Example The document also allows flexibility to change various project parameters to suit the needs of the entrepreneur. Feasibility study is very important for a business. It makes an analysis of all the aspects of a business- the external factors influencing it and also the internal factors. It also analyzes all the costs associated with the project and how the material would be sourced. On the other hand, it will also make an estimate of how much sales are to be expected and what profits would the project make. If the results of the feasibility study are favorable, it is logical to proceed with it. On the other hand, if the results are not favorable no businessman will take a risk on it. Executive Summary 1.1 Background It has always been the researcher’s dream to open his own business-but what type of business he wasn’t sure about. At the end of his years long study in Business Management and Innovations he finally made up his mind-he wanted to run a pizza parlor that would give Papa John’s and Dominos Pizza a run for their money. The pizza industry is a very competitive market. However, in 2010 he decided to go forward with an idea that was brought forward to him by a very close friend-mobile pizza trucks. At first, it sounded like a typical and stupid idea, but when he actually thought about it; it might be just what New York needs-its favorite fast food on wheels. New York has vast amount pizzeria outlets to choose from with 75% of the market being privately owned and the remaining 25% of the market remaining to the franchising pizza making moguls such as Pizza Hut, Papa John’s and Domino’s. The researcher then decided to go into a partnership with someone else who has had extensive amount of experience in the pizza making industry-Jacob Miller. Both researchers decided to call the enterprise Buck’s Mobile Pizzas and their main aim was to bring a twist to the pizza industry. There will be a definite market for a mobile p izza restaurant as there is none in New York and there is a definite demand for pizzas in New York. 1.2 Product and Service Buck’s Mobile Pizzas is a newly established company scheduled to start operations on the 23rd of September 2011 out of the Bronx, New York. As the name suggests ‘Buck’s Mobile Pizzas has no set physical location or space to conduct business and it requires no land. Instead Buck’s Mobile is a customized truck known as the ‘Buck’s Mobile’ that is making America’s favorite deliciously tasting pizzas daily with the most succulent toppings such as; pepperoni pizza, triple meat pizza, Greek style pizza, caramelized onion, Hawaiian pizza, Chicago style pizza, Californian and Mexican style pizzas. Buck’s Pizzas understand and believe in the habits of eating healthy as such our pizzas are being made fresh with wholesome products including; imported cheeses, organic vegetables, and top-shelf meats. The product will also be developed to enhance presentation. Customer service will be Buck’s Pizzas primary priority because considering its current competition it is important to attract new but keep repeat customers.  Buck’s Pizzas is appealing to a wide clientele through the use of its mobility, customer service and affordable pizzas. Buck’s mobility will sure give it an edge over its competitors. Buck’s mobility will make the possibilities endless when gaining market share. The Buck’s mobile will be there to take care of the burning

Report on feasibility for investment in the construction sector Essay

Report on feasibility for investment in the construction sector - Essay Example There are 5 basic groups of ratios that are generally used for business analysis. From these, we select 1-2 ratios from each group depending upon the information provided by each company, and subsequently assess each company depending on these selected ratios. The 5 basic ratio groups are explained below: Profitability Ratios: These are defined as the ratios that are used to measure the degree of success of a business concern in terms of determining factors such as liquidity, assets, return on investment etc. Ex-Group Operating Profit. Group operating profit: Leopold A. Bernstein (1999) defines the Group as a measure of a company's earning power from ongoing operations, equal to earnings before the deduction of interest payments and income taxes. Dividend per Share: Leopold A. Bernstein (1999) explains that Dividend per share is the payment designated by the board of directors to be distributed pro rata among the shares outstanding per shareholder. On preferred shares, it is generally a fixed amount. On common shares, the dividend varies with the fortunes of the company and the amount of cash on hand, and may be omitted if business is poor or the directors determine to withhold earnings to invest in plant and equipment. Sometimes a company will pay a dividend out of past earnings even if it is not currently operating at a profit. Operating Profit: It is defined as the difference between the revenue or turnover and the costs incurred during operations ie. Total operating expenses. Turnover or turnover ratio: It simply is the amount of business done by a firm during a financial year. DETAILS OF THE STUDY For the study, some core financial ratios of each of the 5 companies were studied and tabulated as shown under: 1) Alfred Mcalpine Group operating profit has risen by 6% to 38.2m (highest so far) before exceptional charges, tax and goodwill amortization. But the profit after goodwill amortization and exceptional charge

Free Essays - Animal Farm As A Social Criticism :: Animal Farm

Animal Farm As A Social Criticism Writers often use social criticism in their books to show corruptness or weak points of a group in society. One way of doing this is allegory which is a story in which figures and actions are symbols of general truths. George Orwell is an example of an author who uses allegory to show a social criticism effectively. As in his novel Animal Farm, Orwell makes a parody of Soviet Communism as demonstrated by Animal Farm's brutal totalitarian rule, manipulated and exploited working class, and the pigs' evolution into the capitalists they initially opposed. Totalitarianism is a political regime based on subordination of the individual to the state and strict control of all aspects of life. It was used by Stalin and the Bolsheviks in Russia during the 1920's and 30's and is parodied in Animal Farm by Napoleon, the "almighty" leader, and his fellow pigs and their ridiculous propaganda and rigorous rule. In the book, Napoleon is deified and made superior to all other animals on the farm, for example he is called emperor or leader while everyone else was referred to as a "comrade", and all the pigs were given higher authority then the rest of the animals. An inequality between the pigs and rest of the farm was that the pigs lived in the farm house while the other majority had to sleep in pastures. A certain pig Squealer who could "turn black into white" was in charge of propaganda, and he would often change the commandments of the farm so that they would fit the actions of Napoleon or the "upper class" of the farm which was supposedly c lassless. For example, at one time a commandment read "No animal shall drink alcohol"(P. 75), but soon after Napoleon drank an abundance and almost died the commandment was changed to "No animal shall drink to excess." which made it seem as though Napoleon was within the rules. Another instance where Napoleon showed severe rule was when everyone on the farm who had either pledged for or showed support at one time for Snowball, the exiled former leader, was executed on the spot. This act was a humorous resemblance of The Great Purge in Russia where all opposition was killed off. The governing system of the Animal Farm was truly corrupt, but it did not stop with the propaganda and executions. At first on the Animal Farm, it was promised to the majority of the animals who were neither Napoleon or a pig, or the so-called "working class", that "from each according to his ability to each according to his needs", no more, no less.

Literary Translation Essay

Literary studies have always, explicitly or implicitly, presupposed a certain notion of `literariness’ with which it has been able to delimit its domain, specify, and sanction its methodologies and approaches to its subject. This notion of `literariness’ is crucial for the theoretical thinking about literary translation. In this paper, I have attempted to analyze various recent theoretical positions to the study of literary translation and sought to understand them in the context of the development in the field of literary studies in the last three decades of the twentieth century. The recent developments in the literary studies have radically questioned the traditional essentialist notion of `literariness’ and the idea of canon from various theoretical perspectives. I have contrasted the traditional discourse on literary translation with the recent discourse in order to highlight the shift in the notion of `literariness’ and its impact on translation theory. The traditional essentialist approach to literature, which Lefevere (1988:173) calls `the corpus’ approach is based on the Romantic notion of literature which sees the author as a quasi-divine `creator’ possessing `genius’. He is believed to be the origin of the Creation that is Original, Unique, organic, transcendental and hence sacred. Translation then is a mere copy of the unique entity, which by definition is uncopy-able. As the translator is not the origin of the work of art, he does not possess `genius’, and he is considered merely a drudge, a proletariat, and a shudra in the literary Varna system. This traditional approach is due to the Platonic-Christian metaphysical underpinning of the Western culture. The `original’ versus `copy’ dichotomy is deeply rooted in the Western thought. This is the reason why the West has been traditionally hostile and allergic to the notion of `translation’. The traditional discussion of the problems of literary translation considers finding equivalents not just for lexis, syntax or concepts, but also for features like style, genre, figurative language, historical stylistic dimensions, polyvalence, connotations as well as denotations, cultural items and culture-specific concepts and values. The choices made by the translators like the decision whether to retain stylistic features of the source language text or whether to retain the historical stylistic dimension of the original become all the more important in the case of literary translation. For instance, whether to translate Chaucer into old Marathi or contemporary are very important. In the case of translating poetry, it is vital for a translator to decide whether the verse should be translated into verse, or into free verse or into prose. Most of the scholars and translators like Jakobson (1991:151) believe that in the case of poetry though it is â€Å"by definition impossible †¦ only creative transposition is possible†¦ â€Å". It is the creative dimension of translation that comes to fore in the translation of poetry though nobody seems to be sure of what is meant by creativity in the first place. The word is charged with theological-Romantic connotations typical of the `corpus’ approach to literature. The questions around which the deliberations about translation within such a conceptual framework are made are rather stereotyped and limited: as the literary text, especially a poem is unique, organic whole and original is the translation possible at all? Should translation be `literal’ or `free’? Should it emphasize the content or the form? Can a faithful translation be beautiful? The answers to the question range from one extreme to the other and usually end in some sort of a compromise. The great writers and translators gave their well-known dictums about translations, which reflected these traditional beliefs about it. For Dante (1265-1321) all poetry is untranslatable (cited by Brower 1966: 271) and for Frost (1974-1963) poetry is `that which is lost out of both prose and verse in translation ‘(cited by Webb 203) while Yves Bonnefoy says `You can translate by simply declaring one poem the translation of another† (1991:186-192). On the other hand theorists like Pound (1929, 1950), Fitzgerald (1878) say† †¦Ã‚  the live Dog is better than the dead Lion†, believe in freedom in translation. The others like Nabokov (1955) believe â€Å"The clumsiest of literal translation is a thousand times more useful than prettiest of paraphrase†. Walter Benjamin, Longfellow (1807-81), Schleriermacher, Martindale (1984), seem to favour much more faithful translation or believe in foreignizing the native language. While most of the translators like Dryden are on the side of some sort of compromise between the two extremes. Lefevere has pointed out that most of the writings done on the basis of the concept of literature as a corpus attempt to provide translators with certain guidelines, do’s and don’ts and that these writings are essentially normative even if they don’t state their norms explicitly. These norms, according to Lefevere, are not far removed from the poetics of a specific literary period or even run behind the poetics of the period (1988:173). Even the approaches based on the `objective’ and `scientific’ foundations of linguistics are not entirely neutral in their preferences and implicit value judgements. Some writings on translation based on this approach are obsessed with the translation process and coming up with some model for description of the process. As Theo Hermans (1985:9-10) correctly observes that in spite of some impressive semiotic terminology, complex schemes and diagrams illustrating the mental process of decoding messages in one medium and encoding them in another, they could hardly describe the actual conversion that takes place within the human mind, `that blackest of black boxes’. Lefevere notes, the descriptive approach was not very useful when it came to decide what good translation is and what is bad. Most of recent developments in translation theory look for alternatives to these essentializing approaches. Instead of considering literature as an autonomous and independent domain, it sees it in much broader social and cultural framework. It sees literature as a social institution and related to other social institutions. It examines the complex interconnections between poetics, politics, metaphysics, and history. It borrows its analytical tools from various social sciences like linguistics, semiotics, anthropology, history, economics, and psychoanalysis. It is closely allied to the discipline of cultural studies, as discussed by Jenks (1993:187) in using culture as a descriptive rather than normative category as well as working within an expanded concept of culture, which rejects the `high’ versus low stratification. It is keenly interested in the historical and political dimension of literature. Paradigm shift’ to use Theo Hermans’ phrase or the `Cultural turn’ in the discipline of translation theory has made a significant impact in the way we look at translation. Translation is as a form of intercultural communication raising the problems that are not merely at the verbal level or at the linguistic level. As Talgeri and Verma (1988:3) rightly point out, a word is,’ essentially a cultural memory in which the historical experience of the society is embedded. H. C. Trivedi (1971: 3) observes that while translating from an Indian language into English one is faced with two main problems: first one has to deal with concepts which require an understanding of Indian culture and secondly, one has to arrive at TL meaning equivalents of references to certain objects in SL, which includes features absent from TL culture. The awareness that one does not look for merely verbal equivalents but also for cultural equivalents, if there are any, goes a long way in helping the translator to decide the strategies he or she has to use. Translation then is no longer a problem of merely finding verbal equivalents but also of interpreting a text encoded in one semiotic system with the help of another. The notion of `intertextuality’ as formulated by the semiotician Julia Kristeva is extremely significant in this regard. She points out that any signifying system or practice already consists of other modes of cultural signification (1988:59-60). A literary text would implicate not only other verbal texts but also other modes of signification like food, fashion, local medicinal systems, metaphysical systems, traditional and conventional narratives like myths, literary texts, legends as well as literary conventions like genres, literary devices, and other symbolic structures. It would be almost tautological to state that the elements of the text, which are specific to the culture and the language, would be untranslatable. The whole enterprise of finding cultural equivalents raises awareness of the difference and similarities between the cultures . It also brings into focus the important question of cultural identity. Else Ribeiro Pires Vieira (1999:42) remarks that it is ultimately impossible to translate one cultural identity into another. So the act of translation is intimately related to the question of cultural identity, difference and similarity. A rather interesting approach to literary translation comes from Michel Riffaterre (1992: 204-217). He separates literary and non-literary use of language by saying that literature is different because i) it semioticicizes the discursive features e.g. lexical selection is made morphophonemically as well as semantically, ii) it substitutes semiosis for mimesis which gives literary language its indirection, and iii) it has â€Å"the` textuality’ that integrates semantic components of the verbal sequence (the ones open to linear decoding)-a theoretically open-ended sequence-into one closed, finite semiotic, system† that is , the parts of a literary texts are vitally linked to the whole of the text and the text is more or less self contained. Hence the literary translation should â€Å"reflect or imitate these differences†. He considers a literary text as an artefact and it contains the signals, which mark it as an artifact. Translation should also imitate or reflect these markers. He goes on to say that as we perceive a certain text as literary based on certain presuppositions we should render these literariness inducing presuppositions. Though this seems rather like traditional and formalist approach, what should be noted here is that Riffaterre is perceiving literariness in a rather different way while considering the problems of literary translation: `literariness’ is in no way the `essence’ of a text and a literary text is, for Riffatere one that which contains the signs which makes it obvious that it is a cultural artefact. Although he conceives of literary text as self-contained system, Riffatere too, like many other contemporary approaches sees it as a sub-system of cultural semiotic system. However, if one is to consider Riffatere’s notion of `text’ in contrast to Kristeva’s notion of intertextuality one feels that Riffaterre is probably simplifying the problem of cultural barriers to translatability. The assumption that literary text is a cultural artefact and is related to the other social systems is widespread these days. Some of the most important theorization based on this assumption has come from provocative and insightful perspectives of theorists like Andre Lefevere, Gideon Toury, Itamar Evan -Zohar, and Theo Hermans. These theorists are indebted to the concept of `literature as system’ as propounded by Russian Formalists like Tynianov, Jakobson, and Czech Structuralists like Mukarovsky and Vodicka, the French Structuralists thinkers, and the Marxist thinkers who considered literature as a section of the `superstructure’. The central idea of this point of view is that the study of literary translation should begin with a study of the translated text rather than with the process of translation, its role, function and reception in the culture in which it is translated as well as the role of culture in influencing the `process of decision making that is translation. ‘ It is fundamentally descriptive in its orientation (Toury 1985). Lefevere maintains, `Literature is one of the systems which constitute the system of discourses (which also contain disciplines like physics or law. ) usually referred to as a civilization, or a society (1988:16). ‘ Literature for Lefevere is a subsystem of society and it interacts with other systems. He observes that there is a `control factor in the literary system which sees to it that this particular system does not fall too far out of step with other systems that make up a society ‘ (p.17). He astutely observes that this control function works from outside of this system as well as from inside. The control function within the system is that of dominant poetics, `which can be said to consist of two components: one is an inventory of literary devices, genres, motifs, prototypical characters and situations, symbols; the other a concept of what the role of literature is, or should be, in the society at large. ‘ (p. 23). The educational establishment dispenses it. The second controlling factor is that of `patronage’. It can be exerted by `persons, not necessarily the Medici, Maecenas or Louis XIV only, groups or persons, such as a religious grouping or a political party, a royal court, publishers, whether they have a virtual monopoly on the book trade or not and, last but not least, the media. ‘ The patronage consists of three elements; the ideological component, the financial or economic component, and the element of status (p. 18-19). The system of literature, observes Lefevere, is not deterministic but it acts as a series of `constraints’ on the reader, writer, or rewriter. The control mechanism within the literary system is represented by critics, reviewers, teachers of literature, translators and other rewriters who will adapt works of literature until they can be claimed to correspond to the poetics and the ideology of their time. It is important to note that the political and social aspect of literature is emphasised in the system approach. The cultural politics and economics of patronage and publicity are seen as inseparable from literature. `Rewriting’ is the key word here which is used by Lefevere as a `convenient `umbrella-term’ to refer to most of the activities traditionally connected with literary studies: criticism, as well as translation, anthologization, the writing of literary history and the editing of texts-in fact, all those aspects of literary studies which establish and validate the value-structures of canons. Rewritings, in the widest sense of the term, adapt works of literature to a given audience and/or influence the ways in which readers read a work of literature. ‘ (60-61). The texts, which are rewritten, processed for a certain audience, or adapted to a certain poetics, are the `refracted’ texts and these maintains Lefevere are responsible for the canonized status of the text (p179). `Interpretation (criticism), then and translation are probably the most important forms of refracted literature, in that they are the most influential ones’ he notes (1984:90) and says, ` One never translates, as the models of the translation process based on the Buhler/Jakobson communication model, featuring disembodied senders and receivers, carefully isolated from all outside interference by that most effective expedient, the dotted line, would have us believe, under a sort of purely linguistic bell jar. Ideological and poetological motivations are always present in the production, or the non production of translations of literary works†¦ Translation and other refractions, then, play a vital part in the evolution of literatures, not only by introducing new texts, authors and devices, but also by introducing them in a certain way, as part of a wider design to try to influence that evolution’ (97) . Translation becomes one of the parts of the `refraction’ â€Å"†¦ the rather long term strategy, of which translation is only a part, and which has as its aim the manipulation of  foreign work in the service of certain aims that are felt worthy of pursuit in the native culture†¦ † (1988:204). This is indeed a powerful theory to study translation as it places as much significance to it as criticism and interpretation. Lefevere goes on to give some impressive analytical tools and perspectives for studying literary translation, `The ideological and poetological constraints under which translations are produced should be explicated, and the strategy devised by the translator to deal with those constraints should be described: does he or she make a translation in a more descriptive or in a more refractive way? What are the intentions with which he or she introduces foreign elements into the native system? Equivalence, fidelity, freedom and the like will then be seen more as functions of a strategy adopted under certain constraints, rather than absolute requirements, or norms that should or should not be imposed or respected. It will be seen that `great ‘ages of translation occur whenever a given literature recognizes another as more prestigious and tries to emulate it. Literatures will be seen to have less need of translation(s) when they are convinced of their own superiority. It will also be seen that translations are often used (think of the Imagists) by adherents of an alternative poetics to challenge the dominant poetics of a certain period in a certain system, especially when that alternative poetics cannot use the work of its own adherents to do so, because that work is not yet written’ (1984:98-99). Another major theorist working on similar lines as that of Lefevere is Gideon Toury (1985). His approach is what he calls Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS). He emphasizes the fact that translations are facts of one system only: the target system and it is the target or recipient culture or a certain section of it, which serves as the initiator of the decision to translate and consequently translators operate first and foremost in the interest of the culture into which they are translating. Toury very systematically charts out a step by step guide to the study of translation. He stresses that the study should begin with the empirically observed data, that is, the translated texts and proceeds from there towards the reconstruction of non-observational facts rather than the other way round as is usually done in the `corpus’ based and traditional approaches to translation. The most interesting thing about Toury’s approach (1984) is  that it takes into consideration things like `pseudo-translation’ or the texts foisted off as translated but in fact are not so. In the very beginning when the problem of distinguishing a translated text from a non-translated text arises, Toury assumes that for his procedure `translation’ will be taken to be `any target-language utterance which is presented or regarded as such within the target culture, on whatever grounds’. In this approach pseudotranslations are `just as legitimate objects for study within DTS as genuine translations. They may prove to be highly instructive for the establishment of the general notion of translation as shared by the members of a certain target language community’. Then the next step in Toury’s DTS would be to study their acceptability in their respective target language system followed by mapping these texts, `Via their constitutive elements as TRANSLATIONAL PHENOMENA, on their counterparts in the appropriate source system and text, identified as such in the course of a comparative analysis, as SOLUTIONS to TRANSLATIONAL PROBLEMS’. Then a scholar should proceed to `identify and describe the (one-directional, irreversible) RELATIONSHIPS obtaining between the members of each pair; and finally to go on to refer these relationships- by means of the mediating functional-relational notion of TRANSLATION EQUIVALENCE, established as pertinent to the corpus under study-to the overall CONCEPT OF TRANSLATION underlying the corpus. It is these last two concepts which form the ultimate goal of systematic studies within DTS†¦ only when the nature of the prevailing concept of translation has been established will it become possible to reconstruct the possible process of CONSIDERATION and DECISION-MAKING which was involved in the act of translating in question as well as the set of CONSTRAINTS which were actually accepted by the translator. ‘ (1985:21) Toury’s step by step procedure is descriptive, empirical and inductive, beginning with the observed facts and then moving towards uncovering the strategies and techniques used by translator and the implicit notion and presupposition of equivalence rather than treating the notion of equivalence as given. The concept of constraint puts him in the company of Lefevere. The essential question is not of defining what is equivalence in general, whether it is possible or not, or of how to find equivalents, but of discovering what is meant by equivalence by the community or group within the target culture. These approaches are also extremely useful in the area of comparative literary studies and comparativists like Durisin (1984:184-142) whose approach is in many ways similar to Lefevere and Toury in focusing on function and relation of literary translation in the target or the recipient culture. He is of opinion that it is impossible to speak of theories of translation without applying the comparative procedure, as the aim of analysis of a translation is to determine the extent to which it belongs to the developmental series of the native literature. He like the other two theorists discussed, considers the translation procedure as well as the selection of the text being ` primarily determined by the integral need of the recipient literature, by its capacity for absorbing the literary phenomenon of a different national literature, work, etc.  and for reacting in a specific manner (integrational or differtiational) in its aesthetic features’ as well as the norm of time. This type of theorization is far from the traditional paradigm of translation theory that is obsessed with the ideas of fidelity and betrayal, and the notions of `free’ vs. literal translation. Thanks to the proponents of system approach to literary translation, translation studies can boast of becoming a discipline in its own right due to the development of powerful theoretical models. However, the problem with Leferverian system is its terminology. The words `refracted’ and `rewriting’ presuppose that a text can be written for the first time and that it exists in a pre-non-refracted state. These presuppositions take him dangerously close to the very `corpus’ based approach he is so vigorously attacking. Perhaps Derridian philosophy can explain why one is always in danger of belonging to the very system of thought one is criticizing. Another obvious limitation of these types of theories is that they are rather reductionist in their approach. Though Lefevere maintains that the system concept holds that the refracted texts are mainly responsible for the canonized status of the corpus and the intrinsic quality alone could not have given canonized status for them he fails to point out the exact features and qualities of the literary text which solicit refractions. Then there are problematic words like` the system’ which Lefevere points out `refer to a heuristic construct that does not emphatically possess any kind of ontological reality†¦.’ and `is merely used to designate a model that promises to help make sense of a very complex phenomenon, that of writing, reading and rewriting of literature†¦ (1985: 225). Besides types of theories are descriptive and hence have a limited use for the translator as well as translation criticism, which is a rather neglected branch of translation studies till date. Lefevere says that translation criticism hardly rises much above, `he is wrong because I’m right level†¦ ‘(1984:99). He also points out that it is impossible to define once and for all, what a good translation is just as it is impossible to define once and for all what good literature is. And † critic A, â€Å"judging† on the basis of poetics A’ will rule translation A â€Å"good† because it happens to be constructed on the basis of the principles laid down in A’. Critic B, on the other hand, operating on the basis of poetics B’, will damn translation A† and praise translation B’, for obvious reasons†¦ â€Å"(1988:176). He believes,† Translators can be taught languages and a certain awareness of how literature works. The rest is up to them. They make mistakes only on the linguistic level. The rest is strategy. † (1984:99). The perspective of course is that of a value relativist and a culture relativist, which seem to be the politically correct and `in’ stances today, but the stance can be seen as symptomatic in the light of deeper moral crises in the larger philosophical context. An ambitious and insightful essay by Raymond van den Broeck, `Second Thought on Translation Criticism: A Model of its Analytic Function’ (1985) attempts to go beyond the mere descriptive and uncourageous approach of Lefevere and Toury which tries to incorporate the ideas of their theories. Like Toury and Lefevere, Broeck stresses the importance of examination of the norms among all those involved in the production and reception of translations and remarks that it is the foremost task of translation criticism to create greater awareness of these norms but he also gives room for the critic’s personal value judgements. The critic may or may not agree with the particular method chosen by the translator for a particular purpose. He is entitled to doubt the effectiveness of the chosen strategies, to criticize decisions taken with regard to certain details. To the extent that he is himself familiar with the functional features of the source text, he will be a trustworthy guide in telling the reader where target textemes balance source textemes and where in the critic’s view, they do not. But he must never confuse his own initial norms with those of the translator (p. 60-61). Broeck attempts a synthesis of the target culture oriented inductive – descriptive approach and the notorious task of evaluating translation and the result is indeed very useful and commendable as translation evaluation is a neglected branch of translation studies. As opposed to this descriptive approach is Venuti’s The Translator’s Invisibility (1995). With a normative and extremely insightful point of view he examines historically how the norm of fluency prevailed over other translation strategies to shape the canon of foreign literatures in English. He makes a strong case for `foreignness’ and `awkwardness’ of the translated text as a positive value in the evaluation of translation. The other approaches to the study of translation which seem to be gaining ground lay greater emphasis on the political dimension of literary translation. The more recent literary theories like New Historicism are interested in reading the contexts of power relations in a literary text. In his critical exposition of New Historicism and Cultural materialism, John Brannigan (1998) states, `New Historicism is a mode of critical interpretation which privileges power relations as the most important context for texts of all kinds. As a critical practice it treats literary texts as a space where power relations are made visible ‘(6). Such a perspective when applied to the texts that communicate across cultures can yield very important insights and open an exciting way of thinking about translation. Tejaswini Niranjana’s book Siting Translation, History, Post-Structuralism, and the Colonial Context (1995) examines translation theories from this perspective. â€Å"In a post-colonial context the problematic of translation becomes a significant site for raising questions of representation, power, and historicity. The context is one of contesting and contested stories attempting to account for, to recount, the asymmetry and inequality of relations between peoples, races, languages. † In translation, the relationship between the two languages is hardly on equal terms. Niranjana draws attention to a rather overlooked fact that translation is between languages, which are hierarchically related, and that it is a mode of representation in another culture. When the relationship between the cultures and languages is that of colonizer and colonized, â€Å"translation†¦ produces strategies of containment. By employing certain modes of representing the other-which it thereby also brings into being–translation reinforces hegemonic versions of the colonized, helping them acquire the status of what Edward Said calls representations or objects without history ‘(p.3). She points out in the introduction that her concern is to probe `the absence, lack, or repression of an awareness of asymmetry and historicity in several kinds of writing on translation’ (p. 9). Harish Trivedi (1997) has demonstrated how translation of Anatole France’s Thais by Premchand was distinctly a political act in the sense that it selected a text which was not part of the literature of the colonial power and that it attempted a sort of liberation of Indian literature from the tutelage of the imperially-inducted master literature, English. St-Pierre observes the fact that translators when faced with references to specific aspects of the source culture may use a variety of tactics, including non-translation, as part of their overall strategy and use many other complex tactics in order to reinvent their relations in a postcolonial context (1997:423). Mahasweta Sengupta has offered a rather engaging and perceptive reading of Rabindranath Tagore’s autotranslation of Gitanjali. She points out giving numerous examples, of how Rabindranath took immense liberties with his own Bengali originals in order to refashion his Bengali songs to suit the English sensibility. He modified, omitted, and rewrote his poems in the manner of the Orientalists to cater to his Western audience (1996). Bassnett and Trivedi (1999) believe that the hierarchic opposition between the original work and translation reflects the hierarchic opposition between the European colonizer culture and the colonized culture. This hierarchy, they observe, is Eurocentric, and its spread is associated with the history of colonialization, imperialism and proselytization. Because of these historical reasons, radical theories of translation have come up in the former colonies. Recalling how members of a sixteenth century Brazilian tribe called Tupinamba ate a Catholic priest, an act which could have even been an act of homage, Bassnett and Trivedi suggest that the metaphor of `cannibalism’ could be used for the act of translation as it is one of the ways former colonies might find a way to assert themselves and their own culture and to reject the feeling of being derivative and appellative `copy’, without at the same time rejecting everything that might be of value that comes from Europe. Else Ribeiro Pires Viera has considered the translation theory of Haroldo de Campos, a renowned Brazilian translator who uses very interesting metaphors for translating like, perceiving translation as blood transfusion and vampirization which actually nourishes the translator and thus subverting the hierarchic polarities of the privileged original and inauthentic translation in a post colonial context. This type of approach to translation promotes the awareness of political and historical field in which translation operates among the readers as well as the translators. Another significant statement on `The Politics of Translation’ comes from Gayatri Chakaravorty Spivak (1998:95-118) who conceives of translation as an important strategy in pursuing the larger feminist agenda of achieving women’s `solidarity’. ` The task of the feminist translator is to consider language as a clue to the working of gendered agency. ‘ Translation can give access to a larger number of feminists working in various languages and cultures. She advises that a translator must `surrender’ to the text, as translation is the most intimate act of reading. It is an act of submission to the rhetorical dimension of the text. This act for Spivak is more of an erotic act than ethical. She also advises that one’s first obligation in understanding solidarity is to learn other women’s mother tongue rather than consider solidarity as an `a priori’ given.